Analysis of Network Management (FCAPS) protocol and its role in building flexible and improved networks The WritePass Journal

Analysis of Network Management (FCAPS) protocol and its role in building flexible and improved networks Introduction : Analysis of Network Management (FCAPS) protocol and its role in building flexible and improved networks Introduction :Placing a Fixed IP :Major aspects of Network Management (FCAPS):Fault Management :Configuration management :Performance Of Network Management:Network security include to Threats:Accounting Management:  Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP) :An SNMP-managed network consists of three key components:System Details Update:Port Scanner :Monitor software:monitor software is additional than very soon custody path of come again is life form install and uninstalled on your computer. suitable system check profits:Bandwidth Monitoring ToolBandwidth Monitoring   FeaturesBandwidth Monitoring   Real -timeBandwidth Monitoring ReportsThreshold Based AlertingThird Party ReportingReferences:Related Introduction : This plan is about Configuration of a new network management system which is connected to a between different platforms. Branches are connected over Fixed IP to enhance performance of network. Configure Management on all routers so client workstations can obtain automatically IP address from routers, and NMS and FIXED IP is configured to hide the internal IP address from ISP. So in this proposal we have configured and structured all our scenarios which are explained in details. Here is a brief introduction of Fixed IP and analysis of protocol which is required to build a flexible improved and flexible network so it’s a summary of FCAPS, Management Tools, SNMP and NMS which are main components used in my scenario. Assignment is going to present the configuration of management system for wireless when we accessing from different places. I preferred to set a Fixed IP for network. It displays a synchronization levels for accessing points. It is done from WAN connection. The ISP maintain a pool of modems for their dial-in customers. This is managed by some form of computer (usually a dedicated one) which controls data flow from the modem pool to a backbone or dedicated line router. This setup may be referred to as a port server, as it serves access to the network. Billing and usage information is usually collected here as well. Many computers connected to the Internet host part of the DNS database and the software that allows others to access it. These computers are known as DNS servers. No DNS server contains the entire database; If a DNS server does not contain the domain name requested by another computer, the DNS server re-directs the requesting computer to another DNS server. Placing a Fixed IP : A lot of routers let you to produce unbelievable call a static lease. in essence, this secure a MAC sermon to (bodily chat to of your composite documentation, theoretically no more than one of its variety to your documentation) to a hard to please IP address.   This has many advantages. First, you dont have to confusion with ANY of your computer system settings ever. The router is forever departing to dole out the correct equivalent deal with to that system, the standard DHCP setting will employment in good health.Computer ask for  one  lecture to, and until the end of time get agreed the exact. Thi s is   not probable to provide numerous the whole story,   every router is dissimilar,   I can let know you with the intention of if you make use of IPCop as your entryway ( extremely Good Idea), it is as straightforward as click one of conations in the in progress go-ahead lease list, and imperative produce unchanging rent, in the DHCP member of employees portion at table piece of paper.   Clicks and youre set for existence. We   have  Ã‚   even can reinstall your computer working system, reboot, and theres your motionless IP again. Major aspects of Network Management (FCAPS): Fault Management : A blunder is an flusht that has a pessimistic connotation. The ambition of  error managing is to be familiar with, separate, accurate and register fault that happen in the  system. in addition it use tendency psychoanalysis to forecast error so so as to the system is forever obtainable. Can be recognized by monitor   different   Ã‚  belongings for irregular performance. A fault or occasion occur, a complex constituent will frequently drive a announcement to the system worker by means of a proprietary or unlock  protocol  such as  SNMP, or at smallest amount mark a communication to its cheer up for a  consol member of staff serving at table  to catch and log/page. This announcement is hypothetical to activate physical or routine behavior. For example: the meeting of additional data to recognize the natural world and harshness of the difficulty or to transport endorsement equipment on-line.- Responsibility logs are one effort used to accumulate figures to decide the provide overhaul level of personality complex rudiments, as glowing as sub-network or the total complex. These   are also second-hand to resolve in fact flimsy set-up machinery that have need of further consideration. Configuration management : system pattern organization allow you to control change to the pattern of your system plans, similar to switch and routers. Using design organization tackle you container create changes to the pattern of a router, After that revolve the changes reverse to a preceding arrangement if the changes were not winning. Difference the preceding circumstances with a net pattern organization classification with the circumstances exclusive of a complex design organization scheme. You would create the change, with any luck identification to text what you distorted. If the change were not winning you would, at finest then contain to unfasten the changes you complete physically from your certification. At most horrible, you would be absent with annoying to keep in mind what was distorted and why. openxtra.co.uk/articles/network-configuration-management#ixzz1LNuiwfmm Networks of several dimension be in a steady shape of instability. Some of the engineers accountable for the system can alter the prototype of the switches and routers at some occasion. Arrangement changes to live apparatus be able to contain overwhelming belongings on the dependability of the system and the armed forces provide by it. System arrangement supervision is intended to consent to you to get organize of set of connections changes. Performance Of Network Management: System and function presentation issues are rising severely unpaid to information centre consolidation, the go up of compact disk interchange, growing information of distant users, and less trends. The most excellent method to appreciate the view so as to all presentation is family member is to inquire an important person, uses a networked organization or submission: â€Å"Be a three-second request answer occasion good quality or dreadful† The respond is, it depends. If the ordinary rejoinder point in time is ten seconds, a three-second reply occasion is extremely high-quality. Best suggestion of how application are performing arts used for the ending customer is to calculate rejoinder period by monitor genuine transfer. Tall utilization is only a difficulty if it essentially impact request presentation. Growing bandwidth is not a cure-all for solving presentation troubles. Compose positive you recognize the reason of the difficulty previous to attractive counteractive exploit similar to throw bandwidth at it. Security management : The networks are processor systems, together community and confidential, that is old on a daily basis to behavior business and infrastructure in the middle of business, management agency and persons. Networks are comprised of nodes, which are customer terminals   and one or more servers and/or host computers. These are connected by message system, a number of of which strength be confidential, such as inside a corporation, and others which strength be unlock to community right of entry. Example of a complex scheme so as to is unlock to community right of entry is the Internet, but a lot of confidential networks too use openly-easy to get to infrastructure. These days, the majority companies crowd computers be able to be accessed by their workers whether in their office in excess of a confidential infrastructure system, or as of their home or lodge rooms as on the street from side to side usual phone outline. System safety involve all behavior that organization, enterprise, and institution take on to defend the worth and continuing usability of possessions plus the honesty and permanence of operations. An effectual system safety plan require identify intimidation plus after that choose the the majority effectual situate of tackle to struggle them. Network security include to Threats:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Viruses :  processor program on paper through deceitful programmers and intended to duplicate themselves plus contaminate computer at what time trigger through a exact occasion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trojan horse programs :  Escape vehicle for unhelpful system, which show to be safe or helpful software program such because sports competition   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vandals :  Software application or applets so as to reason obliteration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Attacks :  counting investigation attack   right of entry attack   and refutation-of-repair attack (which stop right of entry to fraction or every one of a processor scheme)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data interception :  involve eavesdrop on infrastructure or changing information packet life form transmit      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Social engineering :  obtain secret system safekeeping in order from side to side nontechnical income, such as affectation as a practical prop up being plus ask intended for popular passwords Network security tools : Antivirus software packages :  These letters oppose the majority bug intimidation if frequently efficient plus properly maintain. Secure network infrastructure :  Switches and routers contain hardware and software skin so as to hold up safe connectivity, border safety, interruption defense, individuality armed armed forces, and defense managing. Devoted system safety hardware plus software-gear such as firewalls and interruption discovery system give defense intended for every one area of the system furthermore allow safe relations. Virtual private networks :  These networks supply admission be in charge of in addition to information encryption stuck between two dissimilar computer on a net. This allows distant personnel to attach to the system with no the danger of a hacker or robber intercept information. Identity services :  These armed forces assist to recognize user and be in command of their behavior and dealings on the system. armed forces comprise passwords, digital certificate, and digital confirmation key. Encryption :  Encryption ensure so as to mail cannot be intercept or understand writing by anybody additional than the official receiver. Security management :  This be the paste so as to hold jointly the additional structure block of a physically influential safety resolution. Accounting Management: System organization: secretarial and presentation strategy, describe the IP secretarial skin in Cisco IOS and enable you to differentiate the dissimilar IP secretarial function and appreciate SNMP MIB particulars. Learn concerning IP secretarial right of entry manage catalog (ACL) plus IP secretarial MAC talk to.   Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP) : Standard   procedure for organization plans on IP network. plans so as to characteristically hold up SNMP comprise routers, switch, servers, workstations, printer, modem racks.It is second-hand more often than not in net running systems   to  monitornnetwork-emotionally involved plans for circumstances that merit directorial notice. SNMP is a part of the internet procedure set  Ã‚  as distinct by the Internet Engineering Task Force   (IETF). It consists of a put of  principles for system organization, counting an  request coating procedure, a file   schema. An SNMP-managed network consists of three key components:   Mechanism manage Third party - software which run on direct international relations NMS(Network management system ) - software which run on the superior I preferred the tool for system is Network monitoring tool : system monitor serve as your eye-plus-ears, alert you to some issue on your system. You be able to stay path of belongings like copier provisions, software installation, rough push room, agreement owing date   now concerning no matter which you be able to believe of so as to relate to your system. The majority practical of IT pro set up their system monitor system to attentive them via electronic mail or book memo when on earth issue occur. This not simply keep them on pinnacle of possible evils so they can speak to them as rapidly as likely, other than it too prevent them from create an subject. The enormous bulk of evils so as to occur in a net are straight linked to incredible altering. The top net monitor solution resolve not just prepared you to these change, but motivation and assist you troubleshoot the matter by allow you to measure up to your network’s in progress position with come again it look like previous to the alter. This income you be able to resolve the dif ficulty earlier. The instrument incessantly monitor the reply time of manifold plans and generate e-mail alerts base on the harshness. These alert are put awake at three dissimilar level and demonstrate the dissimilar rank of the nodes. System Details Update: This instrument come useful at what time the manager have to modernize the scheme particulars, such as scheme persons persons name, scheme account, and organization site in a variety of plans. The manager can primary scrutinize a variety of plans to sight the obtainable particulars plus after that can adapt as necessary and bring up to date them all at on one occasion. Port Scanner : This instrument scan the known port also inside a variety of IP Addresses or intended for a solitary IP to discover the rank of the scan port. The rank of the ports be able to be also listen or not listen. You be able to connect the port among the recognized armed forces, which enable you to be acquainted with the unidentified/surplus armed forces organization in the arrangement. These are three points exemplify why your IT section be supposed to powerfully think leveraging system organization gear as fraction of their every day everyday jobs: Suitable system direction-finding  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Network system organization security  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Receive list of your system Monitor software: monitor software is additional than very soon custody path of come again is life form install and uninstalled on your computer. suitable system check profits: custody path of installation Note which license be put to end meaningful which hot fixes (patch to repair exact bug) are install stay on top of pinnacle of the present condition of every one window armed forces on top of every mechanism creation certain every one of your computers be secluded by means of an awake to day antivirus software Bandwidth Monitoring Tool Bandwidth check instrument provide the genuine-occasion system transfer of some SNMP machine. It provide the bandwidth practice particulars together on at border-height and at the machine-height. It use SNMP to get the bandwidth operation particulars of a system border. The bandwidth consumption of the machine display a contrast of the human being transfer of its interface Bandwidth Monitoring   Features Meansless bandwidth monitor Chronological bandwidth convention trend Doorsill based alert Monitors bandwidth, number consumption, tempo, and packet trasferred. Sell to other countries bandwidth information to XLS format Bandwidth Monitoring   Real -time Bandwidth Monitoring  instrument provide the existing bandwidth practice of every of the SNMP-enable interface that are configured. Graphical symbol of the bandwidth custom give a apparent visibility into how a large amount bandwidth was obsessive on an detailed complex boundary Bandwidth Monitoring Reports The   tool   in calculation to the bandwidth exploitation rumor,   provide the bandwidth usage trend on an hourly, daily, monthly, and yearly basis for the next parameters of a network interface: Volume Utilization Speed Packet Transfers Threshold Based Alerting Administrators can situate threshold for bandwidth utilization and find alert and emails and the entrance rate exceed the prearranged transfer consumption limits. This help in more rapidly remoteness of the predicament in the set of connections and consequently faster achievement. Third Party Reporting Monitors the group policy, such as Routers and switch, to save the bandwidth usage fine points and supplies them in the list. This numbers is interconnected and offered in the type of bandwidth hearsay.Monitors   provide an opportunity to send overseas these records into a csv file, we   can be fed to third-party exposure engines to breed bandwidth rumor as beloved. TL1 protocol : The Protocol is usually new in network management. It was formed to solve several troubles, the   most considerable of which be the incongruity of policy via special proprietary protocol. Other goals for TL1 protocol included a human readable format and responsiveness to commands. The system-to-system skills isnt the simply advantage of the  protocol. It is also being decipherable. Even though it is prepared sufficient to be parsed, it is as well reasonably easy for humans to convert. Allows a a good deal advanced plane of thoughtful through a much minor erudition curvature than was unlikely sooner than.since it was calculated to be unbolt, this protocol can be measured a predecessor to SNMP  . therefore extensive as a cluster of strategy hold , their   will be clever to speak, despite the consequences of company. firstly, the procedure chains response to information. We   be able to issue a authority to a  Ã‚  Ã‚   TL1machine request with the intention of it statement all of its reputation sound the alarm. References: wireless-technology-advisor.com/how does wireless internet work.html http://www,megasys.com/telenium2.asp#config link wisegeek.com/topics/network management tools.htm theshulers.com/white papers/index.html#net infra bgci.org/africa/abgnmanagement

How to Solve Algebra Problems Step-By-Step

How to Solve Algebra Problems Step-By-Step Solving Algebra word problems is useful in helping you to solve earthly problems.  Ã‚  While the 5 steps of Algebra problem solving are listed below, this article will focus on the first step, Identify the problem. Use the Following Steps to Solve Word Problems: Identify the problem.Identify what you know.Make a plan.Carryout the plan.Verify that the answer makes sense. Identify the Problem Back away from the calculator; use your brain first.  Your mind analyzes, plans, and guides  in the labyrinthine quest for the solution. Think of the calculator  as merely a tool that makes the journey easier.  After all, you wouldn’t want a surgeon to crack your ribs and perform a heart transplant without first identifying the source of your chest pains. The steps of identifying the problem are: Express the problem question or statement.Identify the unit of the final answer. Step 1:  Express the Problem Question or Statement In Algebra word problems, the problem is expressed as either a question or a statement. Question: How many trees will John have to plant?How many televisions will Sara have to sell to earn $50,000? Statement: Find the number of trees John will have to plant.Solve for the number of televisions Sara will have to sell to earn $50,000. Step 2: Identify the Unit of the Final Answer What will the answer look like? Now that you understand the word problem’s purpose, determine the answer’s unit. For example, will the answer be in miles, feet, ounces, pesos, dollars, the number of trees, or a number of televisions? Example 1: Algebra Word Problem Javier is making brownies to serve at the family picnic.  If the recipe calls for 2  ½ cups of cocoa to serve 4 people, how many cups will he need if 60 people attend the picnic? Identify the problem:  How many cups will Javier need if 60 people attend the picnic?Identify the unit of the final answer: Cups Example 2: Algebra Word Problem In the market for computer batteries, the intersection of the supply and demand functions determines the price, p dollars, and the quantity, q, of goods sold.Supply function: 80q - p 0Demand function:  4q p 300Determine the price and quantity of computer batteries sold when these functions intersect. Identify the problem:  How much will the batteries cost and how much will be sold when supply and demand functions meet? Identify the unit of the final answer: The quantity, or q, will be given in batteries. The price, or p, will be given in dollars. Here are some free algebra worksheets for practice.

Patents and Trade Secrets Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Patents and Trade Secrets - Assignment Example Targeted advertising is the most seen part during internet surfing. These advertisements can see connectedly to the user’s visited pages. Targeted advertising means unlimited reach to the internet users. This behavior is useful for the companies but an alarming sign for the users through privacy interventions (Belleflamme, 2013). The trackers are using different ways to see the privacy of any internet user, such as location tracking option. It is the easiest way for hackers to reach the target people on Facebook or google. It is sad to know that the technology is making our lives unsafe (Myhere, 2013). The internet users should be careful by not storing their important data on online devices to avoid the invading of their privacy. Another source of protection is to save the important files through old-fashioned techniques, e.g. deposit box etc. rather than depending on the new unproductive technologies (Myhere, 2013). Google has introduced ‘tool settings’ to block the advertisements by signing in to account, which is a useful option for the internet

Soul Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soul Food - Essay Example hered steak; macaroni and cheese; egg custard; bread pudding; sweet potato pie; peach cobbler; pound cake; blackberry cobbler; Red Velvet cake; banana pudding; fried chicken; baked hen and cornbread dressing; okra, corn and tomatoes; and fried corn and fried okra, as well as fried green tomatoes, amongst hundreds of other variations of recipes using different meats, fruits and vegetables. Soul food, as we now know it, actually came from a combination of foods grown and raised in America coupled with an African and Native American "spin" on the style and methods of cooking. Much of this food was derived from the leftovers from the plates and tables of plantation owners in the south. For instance, slaves who prepared foods for the master's table had to prepare the "better" parts of a ham or chicken for the big house and often found themselves eating the parts of the animal that the master and his family and guests did not care to eat, such as the guts, skin, feet, neck and "cock's comb." The slaves has to find ways to improvise on what was given to them, so they found ways to dress it up and make it taste good. While it is true that much of soul food was prepared from poorer quality foods that were essentially "throw-outs" given to slaves (in much the same manner as the slaves would "slop" a hog or feed a dog by giving it table scraps), over time the quality got better. These days, soul food is made from much higher quality meats, as well as fresher produce, than the times in which it was derived. Methods of preparation African-Americans, just as did many white settlers, adapted much of their food prep and cooking methods from Native American tribes, particularly the Cherokee. Cooking in large community pots and digging pits for underground overnight roasting of pigs are still common ways of cooking for larger crowds in the Deep South. Also adapted were many methods of canning and preserving foods for the long hard winters when little was available, this is how "pickling" and jar foods came into existence.[1] Other methods, such as soaking, basting, and marinating different foods for flavoring also came from the Native Americans; however, it is important to remember that Africans imported to America from the Motherland did not routinely eat raw foods. African people were traditionally taught as youth the importance of using moist heat to keep meats tender and juicy, and of using many different kinds of spices or rubs to enhance the coloring and flavor on what may have been otherwise considered as " bland" unappetizing foods. The Culture of Soul Food Cooking A well-known saying is

Marriage and Divorce in Colonial Korea Essay Example for Free

Marriage and Divorce in Colonial Korea Essay The article â€Å"Where Boys Were Kings, a Shift Toward Baby Girls† from The New York Times relays to readers the significant and profound changes in Korean society in relation to preference of female children over their male counterparts in Korean families.   In Korea, preference for boys is a centuries old custom and was rooted in part in an agrarian society that relied on sons to do the difficult work on family farms.   Men were also accorded special status because they were considered the carriers of the family’s all-important bloodline.    As Yang mentioned in Korea times, many people (mostly men) still think that â€Å"men are sky and women are land†. Under a highly conservative Confucianism based society, these changes in preference of baby girls especially highlights a shift in women’s status in Korea. The New York Times provides an example of Ms. Park’s situation.   Ms. Park is a 61-year-old newspaper executive who has three sons.   Only several decades ago, women who could reproduce many boys were considered the ideal wife.   However, Ms. Park now says that â€Å"within a generation, I have turned from the luckiest woman possible to a pitiful mother†.   As seen in Ms. Park’s interview in South Korea, once one of Asia’s most rigidly patriarchal societies, a centuries-old preference for baby boys is fast receding. This kind of significant change started from 1987 when â€Å"the government banned doctors from revealing the sex of a fetus before birth†.   Since then, women’s status improved each year.   As compared to fewer than one out of ten women entering college in 1981, six out of ten did so in 2006.   Also in the National Assembly, once one of the nation’s most male-dominated institution, women now hold about 13 percent of the seats, about double the percentage they held just four years ago†. As we examined in Yoo’s article â€Å"The ‘New Woman’ and the Politics of Love, Marriage and Divorce in Colonial Korea†, there was a time when education, political involvement, and sense of freedoms were limited for women in Korea.   For being one of the group of young educated Korean women, I am very proud. For the older generation of women, who have tried to find their true rights as a â€Å"modern girl†, I owe their struggles to my success.

The October Revolution :: Papers

The October Revolution The October Revolution, is also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first occurring in the Febuary Revolution. The October Revolution was led by the Bolsheviks under the command of Vladmir Lenin and marked the fist officially Communist revolution of the 20th century. The Bolsheviks based there revolution on the theories of Carl Marx, however they believed that they had to press for a change rather than waiting for one to occur. The main crucial revolutionary activities happened in Petrograd were under the command of the Petrograd Soviet’s Military Revolutionary Committee. The revolution was a communist coup against the Russian provisional government, which would lead to the creation of the Soviet Union. The October Revolution was seen as a hugely important global event, and the first in a series of events that lay the groundwork for an epic Cold War struggle between the Soviet Union and the Western democracies, mainly being the USA. The Revolutions official name is ‘The Great October Socialist Revolution’ although Russian communists now only normally use this. The term Red October is also often used. What Happened: On October 25, 1917, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin led his leftist revolutionaries in an uprising in Petrograd, the then capital of Russia, against the ineffective Kerensky Provisional Government. For the most part, the revolt in Petrograd was bloodless, with the Red Guards led by Bolsheviks taking over major government facilities with little opposition before finally launching an assault on the Winter Palace on the night from November 6 to November 7. The assault led by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko was launched at 9:45pm signalled by a blank shot from the cruiser Aurora. The Place was guarded by Cossacks, Women's Batallion, and cadets corps. It was taken at about 2am. The latter date was made the official date of the Revolution. Later official accounts of the revolution from the Soviet Union would depict the events in October as being far more dramatic than they

Does religion cause war Essay

War is an organized and often prolonged conflict that is carried out by states or non-state actors. It is generally characterised by extreme violence, social disruption and economic destruction. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence or intervention. The set of techniques used by a group to carry out war is known as warfare. An absence of war is usually called peace. A religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have narratives, symbols, and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life and/or to explain the origin of life or the Universe. From their beliefs about the cosmos and human nature, people derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world. Today we have invited our special guests of panel to discuss about the topic â€Å"Does Religion Cause War†. To discuss about the Does religion cause war? On this planet Earth, there have been many wars fought over many different things. They can range from freedom, oil, and religion. There were many wars fought over religion. For example, the thirty years war. The thirty years war was one of the major wars fought over religion. It was mostly fought in what’s now Germany. The thirty years war was one of the absolute longest and most destructive, and brutal conflicts in European history. The war was mainly between Protestants and Roman Catholics; although, this eventually turned into a war including most of the European powers. The major effect of The Thirty Years War was destroying entire regions. In Germany, the disease and famine greatly decreases population, while bankrupting most of the combatant powers. Although the regiments within each military were not strictly mercenary in that they were not guns for hire that changed sides from battle to battle, the soldiers that made up the regiments for the most part probably were. Another example of a war fought over religion was the Crusades. The Crusades were some of the most famous wars, and fought over religion. The Crusades were a series of wars blessed by the Pope, and Catholic Church. Their main goal was to regain Christian access to the city of Jerusalem, and holy places around it. The Crusades were actually originally launched to repel the expansion into Anatolia. Several hundred thousand soldiers became Crusaders by taking vows; the Pope granted them plenary indulgence. Their emblem was the cross, â€Å"crusade† is derived from the French term for taking up the cross. Many were from France and called themselves â€Å"Franks,† which became the common term used by Muslims. The term â€Å"crusade† is also used to describe religiously motivated campaigns conducted between 1100 and 1600 in territories outside the Levant usually against pagans, heretics, and peoples under the ban of excommunication for a mixture of religious, economic, and political In the eyes of many, religion is inherently conflictual, but this is not necessarily so. Therefore, in part, the solution is to promote a heightened awareness of the positive peace building and reconciliatory role religion has played in many conflict situations. More generally, fighting ignorance can go a long way. Interfaith dialogue would be beneficial at all levels of religious hierarchies and across all segments of religious communities. Where silence and misunderstanding are all too common, learning about other religions would be a powerful step forward. Being educated about other religions does not mean conversion but may facilitate understanding and respect for other faiths. Communicating in a spirit of humility and engaging in self-criticism would also be helpful. In recent times further back in history to Hinduism or Judaism along with other religious beliefs. During the same time period there have also been a large number of wars and battles between countries. Many argue that politics are the causes of these wars; however others claim that it is religion which is the main reason. Religion has had a large influence on many conflicts in the past. While some argue that religion is the cause of wars, it is inconclusive whether war would or would not exist if there was no such thing as religion. Some would say The Crusades are a major example of religion causing war. From the 11th century to the 13thcentury Christian states in Europe launched what are sometimes called Holy Wars against Muslims in the East. These wars centred on the city of Jerusalem which held a Holy significance in the Christian world. However when 3000 Christians were massacred, this began the ‘retaliation’ and therefore the beginning of The Crusades to release the Holy City of Jerusalem from the rule of Muslims. In this example, religion has clearly caused The Crusades as there would not have been any war if the city of Jerusalem did not have Christian significance. However, a contrary argument to this would be that it was the massacre of 3000 Christians which caused The Crusades to begin and not because of differing religious beliefs, although it is unquestionable that religion played a major part in the beginning of the Crusades as the massacre may not have taken place without a religious background. As the argument for religion causing war heavily outweighs the opposing argument, in this context it is fair to say that using this example, religion does cause war. The Israel-Arab wars from 1948 to the present day are often seen as wars over religion. In fact, they say, they have been about nationalism, self-defence or the liberation of territory. So why is religion a factor in war at all when all the main faiths have little time for violence and advocate peace? Because, it is suggested, leaders use differences over faith as a way of sowing hatred and mobilising support for political wars. As the American civil war leader Abraham Lincoln put it almost 150 years ago: â€Å"The will of God prevails. â€Å"In great contests, each party claims to act in accordance with the will of God. Both may be, but one must be wrong. â€Å"God cannot be for and against the same thing at the same time. â€Å"

Heart Sounds Case Essay

1. Dr. Baker spends a long time listening to (auscultating) Caleb’s heart. a. Where on the thoracic surface do you auscultate to the tricuspid, mitral (bicuspid), pulmonary, and aortic valves? Auscultation for the tricuspid valve would be in the left sternal margin of the 5th intercostal space. The mitral valve sounds are heard over the apex of the heart (5th intercostal space) in line with the middle of the clavicle. Pulmonary valve sounds are auscultated at the 2nd intercostal space at the left sternal margin. The aortic valve is heard at the 2nd intercostal space of the right sternal margin. b. Where do you think would be the best place to auscultate Caleb’s abnormal heart sound? Explain your answer. The abnormal heart sounds would best be heard over the tricuspid area – the lower left sternal border. This is the area which overlies the defect. 2. Caleb has abnormal heart sounds that tipped the doctor off to a problem. a. Name the normal sounds of the heart and indicate what causes these sounds. The normal sounds of the heart are â€Å"lub-dup† are caused by the opening and closing of the heart valves. The first sound – lub- is from the closing of the mitral and tricuspid heart valves. The second sound -dup- is from the closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves. b. In relation to the normal heart sounds, when would you expect to hear the abnormal sound Dr. Baker heard? Explain your answer. A ventricular septal defect is a systolic murmur. The abnormal sounds can be heard during or after the first heart sound and ends before or during the second heart sound. 3. The defect in Caleb’s heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. a. Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? I would expect the blood to move from the left to the right ventricle. b. Based on your understanding of blood pressure and resistance in the heart and great vessels, explain your answer to question 3a. In the heart blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Blood normally enters on the right side of the heart (deoxygenated), is pumped to the lungs and returns to the left side of the heart (oxygenated) which will then be pumped out to the rest of the body. In Caleb’s case blood will enter the right side of the heart, be pumped to the lungs and return to the left side  of the heart. Every time his heart beats, some blood is then forced through the VSD back to the right side. It then goes back to the lungs even though it is already oxygenated, so blood that is not oxygenated can’t get oxygen. A lower blood volume then remains in the left ventricle to be pumped out to the rest of the body. High pressure would occur in the lungs due to extra blood being pumped into lung arteries this make heart and lungs work harder. 4. When an echocardiogram is performed, the technician color-codes oxygenated blood (red) and deoxygenated blood (blue) a. In a healthy baby, what color would the blood be within the right and left ventricles, respectively? The right ventricle normally pumps blue blood because the blood is without oxygen and the left ventricle pumps red blood because the blood has oxygen. b. In Caleb’s heart, what color would the blood be within the right and left ventricles, respectively? It is both blue and red in the right ventricle because the already oxygenated blood flows back into the right ventricle and blood in the left ventricle would be red. 5. Caleb’s heart allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix. Based on your knowledge of the heart and the great vessels, describe other anatomical abnormalities that cause the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Atrioventricular Canal Defect is an abnormality that causes the mixing of blood. There is a hole in center of heart where the wall between the upper and lower chambers meet. The tricuspid and mitral valves aren’t formed properly and one large valve crosses the defect. The defect lets oxygen rich blood pass to the heart’s right side and mix with deoxygenated blood, then go back to the lungs. Another abnormality is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), where the walls of the upper chambers of the heart don’t close completely, causing a left to right movement of blood due to the higher pressure. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood may cause the right atrium and ventricle to enlarge due to the higher volume of blood. 6. What happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac output as a result of his ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Explain your answer. Caleb’s systemic cardiac output will be decreased. His blood will enter the right ventricle be pumped to the lungs, return to the left ventricle and then be shunted  back to the right ventricle. This causes more blood to enter the right ventricle. The extra blood then leaving the right ventricle causes a volume overload to the lungs. Because blood is being shunted back to the right ventricle, there is a lesser volume of oxygenated blood that leaves the heart to supply the rest of the body. 7. One of the problems that worried Tiffaney was that Caleb seemed to be breathing too hard all the time. Let’s consider how this symptom is related to his heart defect. a. Describe what would happen to the blood volume and pressure entering the pulmonary circuit as a result of his VSD. In VSD the right and left ventricles are working harder, pumping a greater volume of blood than they normally would. Extra blood will pass through the pulmonary artery into the lungs causing, blood pressure to be higher than normal in the blood vessels and lungs. b. Describe what would happen to the myocardium of Caleb’s right ventricle as a result of his VSD. The right ventricular heart muscle will thicken and lose elasticity over time, causing the heart to work harder to effectively pump blood the lungs and rest of the body. 8. Based on the location of Caleb’s defect, what part of the conduction system might be at risk for abnormalities? It is extremely rare that VSD would cause a conduction system defect due to the fact that the two systems are different, different embryological development, yet are in close proximity to each other. It is possible for the bundle of His to be displaced, but usually is unaffected. Sometimes a branch of the bundle of His could be on a rim of the VSD, but is still able to function. The only tricky part is if surgery is needed, the doctor needs to be careful when closing the defect.

Free Essays on Gandhi

"Nonviolence in its dynamic condition means conscious suffering. It does not mean a meek submission to the will of the evil-doer, but it means pitting one’s whole soul against the will of the tyrant" Mohatma Gandhi "An eye for an eye makes everybody blind" summarizes Gandhi’s view of violence. That statement is one of the greatest things ever said, and was borrowed by other world leaders including Martin Luther King Jr. Gandhi did not believe in violence as a technique of achieving his goal of an independent India. He preached non-violent non cooperation. Gandhi considered non-violent non cooperation as requireing more courage and dedication then violence. Through the methods he used in his campaign for the Free India he proved the previous statement to be true. Many people would find "non-violence in its dynamic condition" ironic. By the word non-violence Gandhi did not mean mere ignorance of the injustices that came upon his people, He supported active non cooperation, organizing non-violent marches and other events to protest the unfairness of the British occupation of India. In the salt marches Gandhi protested the British monopoly on salt and the salt tax Indians had to pay. He tried to a provoke violent a response from the colonial government. Such a response would show him to the world as a victim and not a tyrant. This approach would expose the British injustice and would get the world’s public opinion on hGandhi’s side. As a result, even the English people supported his independence movement. Gandhi’s non-violent non cooperation required much more bravery and devotion then violent techniques used by some other Indian independence leaders. During a march on a salt plant organized by Gandhi, men stood in line to approach the guards. When they approached, the men stood defenseless, while the guards beat them with sticks. As the beaten men were carried away new ones came for... Free Essays on Gandhi Free Essays on Gandhi Many people feel they can change the world and better it for future generations. They try all sorts of ways to change life, and many don’t accomplish their goals. One person who did accomplish his goals was Gandhi. Gandhi took many actions to affect those who were doing wrong. But did Gandhi accomplish his goals when he wanted to? Did Gandhi accomplish his goals at all? I feel Gandhi did accomplish his goals, but not in his lifetime. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1869, the world’s greatest man was born. Gandhi went to school in England to become a lawyer. He was trained in formal law, and was classically trained. His education in law made him a diligent thinker. He then established a law practice in Bombay with little success. Two years later he joined an Indian firm. This firm retained him as a legal advisor in Durban. Arriving in Durban, Gandhi found himself treated as though part of an inferior race. He was appalled at the widespread denial of civil liberties and political rights to Indian immigrants in South Africa. He threw himself into the struggle for elementary rights for Indians. He used his training when forming his beliefs. â€Å"The things that will destroy us are: Politics without principle; Pleasure without conscience; Wealth without work; Knowledge without character; Business without morality; Science without humanity, And worship without sacrifice.†1 Gandhi spent the next twenty years of his life in South Africa, being imprisoned many a time. Why was he imprisoned do you ask? Well, this is where you can find out. Gandhi became a freedom fighter for Indians, minus the fighting of course. Well, sort of, Gandhi had been attacked and beaten many times by the white South Africans. He then formed his idea of passive resistance to, and noncooperation with, the South African authorities. â€Å"Make waves, not war†2 He gained inspiration to be a passive resister from the writer Leo Tolstoy, Gandhi’s greatest influenc... Free Essays on Gandhi This essay will explain the correlation between observations made of the movie Gandhi and personal interpretations of the Bhagavad-Gita. I believe Gandhi practiced Karma Yoga, or the path to God through work. We will explore the concept as stated in The Worlds Religions, written by Huston Smith, â€Å"†¦The drive to work is psychological rather than economic† in this essay. The movie â€Å"Gandhi† showed a young attorney, named Gandhi, was a victim of discrimination at the hands of the South African people. Gandhi vowed to fight injustices caused by discrimination through peaceful demonstrations and defiance of laws found to be unjust. Gandhi immersed himself in his movement (work) by organizing many peaceful demonstrations and strikes as well as developing a newspaper designed to spread the word of the injustices to all. Gandhi defied the Bhagavad-Gita by denouncing the caste system taught throughout the Hindu religion and did all work to show that one man’s job is as important as another’s. Gandhi believed that everybody would do the work regardless of their caste or class. Gandhi made several statements during the movie to reinforce my belief that he was following Karma Yoga. Gandhi said â€Å"Happiness comes from work and from pride in that work†, â€Å"be prepared to die for injustices†, and â€Å"know your duty† In the Bhagavad-Gita there are several passages that allude to what I believe Gandhi was striving for. Passage 3.16 states â€Å"He who fails to keep turning the wheel thus set in motion has damaged the working of the world and has wasted his life†. I believe this passage alludes to Gandhi’s stubbornness and persistence when it came to accomplishing the goals set for him. Many times during the film it was shown that Gandhi would rather give his life, through fasting and civil non-compliance, than fail at his work. I also believe that Gandhi came to the realization of another passage in the Bhagavad-Gita, 3.... Free Essays on Gandhi Preeminent leader of Indian nationalism and prophet of nonviolence in the 20th cent. Gandhi grew up in a home steeped in religion, and he took for granted ahimsa (noninjury to all living beings) and religious tolerance. He studied law in England, but, too diffident to make a successful lawyer, he ended up taking a job with an Indian firm in S. Africa. There he became an effective advocate for Indian rights. In 1906 he first put into action satyagraha, his technique of nonviolent resistance. His success in S. Africa had given him an international reputation by the time he returned to India in 1914, where within a few years he had become the leader of a nationwide struggle for Indian home rule. By 1920 he commanded influence hitherto unattained by any political leader in India. He refashioned the Indian National Congress into an effective political instrument of Indian nationalism and undertook major campaigns of nonviolent resistance in 1920-22, 1930-34 (incl. his momentous march to t he sea to collect salt to protest a government monopoly), and 1940-42. In the 1930s he also campaigned against discrimination against India's untouchable class and concentrated on educating rural India and promoting cottage industry. India achieved dominion status in 1947, but the fact that the country was partitioned into India and Pakistan was a great disappointment to Gandhi, who had long worked for Hindu-Muslim unity. In September 1947 he ended rioting in Calcutta by fasting. In January 1948 he was shot down by a young Hindu fanatic. Gandhi won the affection and loyalty of millions and became known to all as the Mahatma, or great soul.... Free Essays on Gandhi To be measured as one of the most influential men that have graced the planet with his presence is one of the most crowning achievements a person’s memory can have. Gandhi left such a legacy in which he can be considered one of these chosen few. Gandhi was a simple man, a man of God, a man of himself, and most importantly a man of the people. His sole purpose in his latter part of life was to achieve what every person on the planet deserves and must demand, self rule. Though Gandhi’s messages were very clear and clean cut, the way he went about coming to the conclusions he did was quite intriguing and at times confusing to the average person I imagine. Throughout his life, Gandhi surrounded himself with religious people, Christians, Hindus, and Muslims alike, and he was capable of doing something a vast majority of the world has not been able to do for thousands of years; see all religions and people as equal no matter what. His purpose of life can be best described as a lifelong mission to bring about change in society, a change in government, social order, and religious toleration. The reason I believe that Gandhi was so proficient in getting Indian and just people to follow his teachings were that he was not out to rule a country. His purpose was not to tenet vast lands, reform a church, or invent anything†¦ it was simply to bring the civil liberties that should be given to all beings to the people of his native land of India. Gandhi’s journey in becoming the man he was before being tragically murdered was one of great self-revelation and reinvention. At a somewhat early age Mohandas more or less sold out to the British Empire. He shredded his native heritage and began learning their laws, their ways, and in their country, England. Becoming a lawyer at first could definitely be seen as the ultimate sell out, but in fact it paved the way for his understanding of rights and liberties he later taught. The man tha... Free Essays on Gandhi "Nonviolence in its dynamic condition means conscious suffering. It does not mean a meek submission to the will of the evil-doer, but it means pitting one’s whole soul against the will of the tyrant" Mohatma Gandhi "An eye for an eye makes everybody blind" summarizes Gandhi’s view of violence. That statement is one of the greatest things ever said, and was borrowed by other world leaders including Martin Luther King Jr. Gandhi did not believe in violence as a technique of achieving his goal of an independent India. He preached non-violent non cooperation. Gandhi considered non-violent non cooperation as requireing more courage and dedication then violence. Through the methods he used in his campaign for the Free India he proved the previous statement to be true. Many people would find "non-violence in its dynamic condition" ironic. By the word non-violence Gandhi did not mean mere ignorance of the injustices that came upon his people, He supported active non cooperation, organizing non-violent marches and other events to protest the unfairness of the British occupation of India. In the salt marches Gandhi protested the British monopoly on salt and the salt tax Indians had to pay. He tried to a provoke violent a response from the colonial government. Such a response would show him to the world as a victim and not a tyrant. This approach would expose the British injustice and would get the world’s public opinion on hGandhi’s side. As a result, even the English people supported his independence movement. Gandhi’s non-violent non cooperation required much more bravery and devotion then violent techniques used by some other Indian independence leaders. During a march on a salt plant organized by Gandhi, men stood in line to approach the guards. When they approached, the men stood defenseless, while the guards beat them with sticks. As the beaten men were carried away new ones came for... Free Essays on Gandhi In today’s society, violence is a common resolution to conflicts between individuals and the super powers of the world like, America and Afghanistan. Gandhi, a popular philosopher on the ideals of non-violence, could and should be used in society today so all would benefit. Gandhi’s principles of non-violence, if applied to the lives of more people would create a peaceful, more equal and safe society for everyone. They would insure that violence would not be the common resolution. A rational and non-violent way is possible, if it were to be more rigorously applied. Gandhi’s ideals of non-violence should and must be applied in today’s world, if society desires to be a happy, peaceful environment. Non-violent means of resolution is rational and possible. People must see that violence is not the key and it solves virtually nothing. Violence, as a resolution, only brings out hatred and resentment between the conflicting parties, even after conflicts have ended. When Osama Bin Laden commanded the planes to crash into the World Trade Centre to prove his point that America must stop Americanizing other countries, nothing was accomplished. The action only brought more violence and the destruction of the innocent. The event only caused great hatred for not only Osama but towards Afghanistan as well, â€Å"Mankind has to get out of violence only through non-violence. Hatred can be overcome only by love. Counter-hatred only increases the surface as well as the depth of hatred, II-97† (pg.32). Such tragedies could have been a voided if the non-violent method was applied. Non-violence is an action that must be acquired to promote true and absolute peace, â€Å"Peace will never come until the great powers courageously decide to disarm themselves, I-176† (Gandhi on Non-Violence pg.53). Peace must be achieved through the use of rational arguments where a happy medium is to be met, rather than an aggressive method to prove one is... Free Essays on Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi was an influential figure in our society. He taught many people about equal rights, honoring their neighbors, and peace and tranquility. Although at times his actions were deemed unbelievable and insane nevertheless, they were effective. In my essay I will be discussing the history of Mohandas Gandhi; the actions he bestowed and took to accomplish freedom for India; and how Mohandas finally obtained freedom for India. Gandhi also known as Mahatma Gandhi was born in the present state of Gujarat on October 2, 1869. He was educated in law at University College, London. In 1891, after Gandhi was admitted to the British bar, he returned to India and attempted to create a law practice in Bombay, which failed. Two years after his failure and India firm with interests in South Africa hired him as a legal adviser to work in their office in Durban. Once Gandhi arrived in Durban he found himself being treated as a member of an inferior race. He was shocked at the denial of civil liberties and political rights to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He then â€Å"threw† himself into the struggle for basic rights for Indians. Gandhi stayed in South Africa for 20 years, being imprisoned many times. In 1896, after being attacked and beaten by white South Africans, Gandhi began to teach a method of â€Å"passive resistance,† to, the South African authorities. Part of the inspiration for this method came from the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. Christ and Henry David Thoreau, a 19th century American writer, also inspired Gandhi. In 1914 the government of the Union of South Africa made important concessions to Gandhi's demands. They included recognition of Indian marriages and abolition of the poll tax for them. When his work is South Africa was complete he returned to India. Following World War I, Gandhi launched his movement of passive resistance to Great Britain. In 1919, the British Parliament pa... Free Essays on Gandhi Indira Gandhi, Sonya Gandhi, Mother Theresa, Annie Besant... What do all these people in common? Yes these are women, but they're also from India. The clothing that they wear effects the nation’s reactions towards her. One piece of clothing that shows a great deal of symbolism is the sari. The sari, in many cultures, aids the famous and soon to be famous. The sari is a long piece of clothing that women wear around the house, outside, regular occasions and also on very special occasions. The sari is usually about 6 yards in length and fits the whole body more than once. It is worn by wrapping the sari around the waist, then adding pleats and then finally shaping the shawl to put over the shoulder. The many famous women of India include Indira Gandhi, Sonya Gandhi, Mother Theresa and Annie Besant. Indira Gandhi was the first female Prime Minister if India. Because Gandhi is a prominent part in the freedom movement, she was in prison for nine months. Her Gandhi was assassinated when her two personal Sikh bodyguards turned against her, Her assassination caused riots that were hard to calm. (Indira, 1) Sonya Gandhi was a congressional leader that ruled in extreme power in the noble country of India. Mother Theresa was a missionary that went through all of India to aid the less fortunate. She offered food, clothing and money to the countle ss poverty stricken citizens. Mother Theresa was a God fearing and was the Hilary Clinton of today. Annie Besant was a theosophist, author and Indian leader. Her informative and inspirational stories inspire many of the younger children to aim for success. All these women play or have played a crucial role in India. Not only that, but also all these women are robed in a beautiful sari that has more than a meaning than a 6-yard piece of clothing. The sari is the symbolism for success. Ladies like Gandhi, Besant, and Mother Theresa are role models to the inspired young ladies that each carry a little bit o... Free Essays on Gandhi 1. â€Å"In non-violence the bravery consists in dying, not in kill.† I-265 I think that Gandhi is trying to make a very clear point that human beings often miss. He states that bravery is dying, not in killing. A violent act against an enemy could make you feel brave; that one fought for what he/she believed in and killed. Gandhi, using non-violent acts to get through to people thinks dying is more honorable if done non-violently then actually killing someone. I agree with Gandhi in the sense that people should not feel brave when they kill. It is so easy to pick up a gun and kill someone, but it so much braver to die for something you believe in and keep peace among people. Gandhi truly believes that he would rather die making his point and being brave in that sense, then killing someone out of hatred. This statement is applicable to the modern world. We often lose track of dignity and pride and feel or act brave for the wrong reason. Soldiers that go into combat to defend our country are very brave. They are called upon by America to protect our country. Obviously there are going to be acts of violence, however in these circumstances the act of bravery is extended. I also think that the soldiers who do kill do not feel brave for the kill, rather than they feel brave for honoring our country and actually protecting it. 2. â€Å"Imperfect as I am, I started with imperfect men and women and sailed on an uncharted ocean.† I-396 Gandhi admits to being imperfect, which is appropriate. He is saying he believes in something, and knows he can not change the world. He says he started with imperfect men and women and sailed on an uncharted ocean. I think he means he educated those who would listen to him. There are humans out there that do believe what Gandhi has to say, and his options are unlimited once he has them believing in non-violent acts. I agree with Gandhi in the sense that he states he’s imperfect but still tries to get p... Free Essays on Gandhi Gandhi: A Man with Virtues Gandhi was an influential figure in our society. He taught many people about equal rights, honouring thy neighbour, and peace and tranquillity. Although at times his actions were deemed improbable and insane nevertheless, they were effective. In my essay I will be discussing the history of Mohandis Gandhi; the actions he bestowed and took to accomplish freedom for India; and how Mohandis finally obtained freedom for India. Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born in the present state of Gujarat on October 2, 1869. He was educated in law at University College, London. In 1891, after Gandhi was admitted to the British bar, he returned to India and attempted to create a law practice in Bombay, which failed. Two years after his failure, and India firm with interests in South Africa hired him as a legal adviser to work in their office in Durban. Once Gandhi arrived in Durban he found himself being treated as a member of an inferior race. He was shocked at the denial of civil liberties and political rights to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He then â€Å"threw† himself into the struggle for basic rights for Indians. Gandhi stayed in South Africa for 20 years, being imprisoned many times. In 1896, after being attacked and beaten by white South Africans, Gandhi began to teach a method of â€Å"passive resistance,† to, the South African authorities. _Part of the inspiration for this method came from the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. Christ and Henry David Thoreau, a 19th century American writer, also inspired Gandhi. In 1914 the government of the Union of South Africa made important concessions to Gandhi's demands. They included recognition of Indian marriages and abolition of the poll tax for them. When his work is South Africa was complete he returned to India. Following World War I, Gandhi launched his movement of passive resistance to Great Britain. ...

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. At 6:01 p.m. on April 4, 1968, Civil Rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was hit by a snipers bullet. King had been standing on the balcony in front of his room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, when without warning, he was shot. The .30-caliber rifle bullet entered Kings right cheek, traveled through his neck, and finally stopped at his shoulder blade. King was immediately taken to a nearby hospital but was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m. Violence and controversy followed. In outrage of the murder, many blacks took to the streets across the United States in a massive wave of riots. The FBI investigated the crime, but many believed them partially or fully responsible for the assassination. An escaped convict by the name of James Earl Ray was arrested, but many people,  including some of Martin Luther King Jr.s own family, believe he was innocent. What happened that evening? Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.    When Martin Luther King Jr.  emerged as the leader of the  Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955, he began a long tenure as the spokesperson for nonviolent protest in the Civil Rights Movement. As a Baptist minister, he was a moral leader to the community. Plus, he was charismatic and had a powerful way of speaking. He was also a man of vision and determination. He never stopped dreaming of what could be. Yet he was a man, not a God. He was most often overworked and overtired and he had a fondness for the private company of women. Though he was the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner, he did not have complete control over the Civil Rights Movement. By 1968, violence had edged its way into the movement. Black Panther Party members carried loaded weapons, riots had erupted across the country, and numerous civil rights organizations had taken up the mantra Black Power! Yet Martin Luther King Jr. held strong to his beliefs, even as he saw the Civil Rights Movement being torn in two. Violence is what brought King back to Memphis in April 1968. Striking Sanitation Workers in Memphis On February 12, a total of 1,300  African-American sanitation workers in Memphis went on strike. Though there had been a long history of grievances, the strike began as a response to a January 31 incident in which 22 black sanitation workers were sent home without pay during bad weather while all the white workers remained on the job. When the City of Memphis refused to negotiate with the 1,300 striking workers, King and other civil rights leaders were asked to visit Memphis in support. On Monday, March 18, King managed to fit in a quick stop in Memphis, where he spoke to more than  15,000 who had gathered at Mason Temple. Ten days later, King arrived in Memphis to lead a march in support of the striking workers. Unfortunately, as King led the crowd, a few of the protesters got rowdy and smashed the windows of a storefront. The violence spread and soon countless others had taken up sticks and were breaking windows and looting stores. Police moved in to disperse the crowd. Some of the marchers threw stones at the police. The police responded with tear gas and nightsticks. At least one of the marchers was shot and killed. King was extremely distressed at the violence that had erupted in his own march and became determined not to let violence prevail. He scheduled another march in Memphis for April 8. On April 3, King arrived in Memphis a little later than planned because there had been a bomb threat for his flight before takeoff. That evening, King delivered his Ive Been to the Mountaintop speech to a relatively small crowd that had braved the bad weather to hear King speak. Kings thoughts were obviously on his mortality, for he discussed the plane threat as well as the time he had been stabbed. He concluded the speech with, Well, I dont know what will happen now; weve got some difficult days ahead. But it really doesnt matter with me now, because Ive been to the mountaintop. And I dont mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life - longevity has its place. But Im not concerned about that now. I just want to do Gods will. And Hes allowed me to go up to the mountain. And Ive looked over, and Ive seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people will get to the Promised Land. And so Im happy tonight; Im not worried about anything; Im not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord. After the speech, King went back to the Lorraine Motel to rest. Martin Luther King Jr. Stands on the Lorraine Motel Balcony The Lorraine Motel (now the  National Civil Rights Museum) was a relatively drab, two-story motor inn on Mulberry Street in downtown Memphis. Yet it had become a habit of Martin Luther King and his entourage to stay at the Lorraine Motel when they visited Memphis. On the evening of April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King and his friends were getting dressed to have dinner with Memphis minister Billy Kyles. King was in room 306 on the second floor and hurried to get dressed since they were, as usual, running a bit late. While putting on his shirt and using Magic Shave Powder to shave, King chatted with Ralph Abernathy about an upcoming event. Around 5:30 p.m., Kyles  knocked on their door to hurry them along. The three men joked about what was to be served for dinner. King and Abernathy wanted to confirm that they were going to be served soul food and not something like filet mignon. About half an hour later, Kyles and King stepped out of the motel room onto the balcony (basically the outside walkway that connected all the motels second-story rooms). Abernathy had gone to his room to put on some cologne. Near the car in the parking lot directly below the balcony, waited  James Bevel, Chauncey Eskridge (SCLC lawyer), Jesse Jackson, Hosea Williams, Andrew Young, and Solomon Jones, Jr. (the driver of the loaned white Cadillac). A few remarks were exchanged between the men waiting below and Kyles and King. Jones remarked that King should get a topcoat since it might get cold later; King replied, O.K. Kyles was just a couple of steps down the stairs and Abernathy was still inside the motel room when the shot rang out. Some of the men initially thought it  was a car backfire, but others realized it was a rifle shot. King had fallen to the concrete floor of the balcony with a large, gaping wound covering his right jaw. Martin Luther King Jr. Shot Abernathy ran out of his room to see his dear friend fallen, laying in a puddle of blood. He held Kings head saying, Martin, its all right. Dont worry. This is Ralph. This is Ralph.* Kyles had gone into a motel room to call an ambulance while others encircled King. Marrell McCollough, an undercover Memphis police officer, grabbed a towel and tried to stop the flow of blood. Though King was unresponsive, he was still alive - but only barely. Within 15 minutes of the shot, Martin Luther King arrived at St. Josephs Hospital on a stretcher with an oxygen mask over his face. He had been hit by a .30-06 caliber rifle bullet that had entered his right jaw, then traveled through his neck, severing his spinal cord, and stopped in his shoulder blade. The doctors tried emergency surgery but the wound was too serious. Martin Luther King Jr. was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m. He was 39 years old. Who Killed Martin Luther King Jr.? Despite many conspiracy theories questioning who was responsible for the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., most of the evidence points to a single shooter, James Earl Ray. On the morning of April 4, Ray used information from the televised news as well as from a newspaper to discover where King was staying in Memphis. Around 3:30 p.m., Ray, using the name John Willard, rented room 5B in Bessie Brewers run-down rooming house that was located across the street from the Lorraine Motel. Ray then visited the York Arms Company a few blocks away and purchased a pair of binoculars for $41.55 in cash. Returning to the rooming house, Ray readied himself in the communal bathroom, peering out the window, waiting for King to emerge from his hotel room. At 6:01 p.m., Ray shot King, mortally wounding him. Immediately after the shot, Ray quickly placed his rifle, binoculars, radio, and newspaper into a box and covered it with an old, green blanket. Then Ray hurriedly carried the bundle out of the bathroom, down the hall, and down to the first floor. Once outside, Ray dumped his package outside the Canipe Amusement Company and walked swiftly to his car. He then drove away in his white Ford Mustang, just before police arrived. While Ray was driving toward Mississippi, police were starting to put the pieces together. Nearly immediately, the mysterious green bundle was discovered as were several witnesses who had seen someone who they believed to be the new renter of 5B rushing out of the rooming house with the bundle. By comparing fingerprints found on items in the bundle, including those on the rife and binoculars, with those of known fugitives, the FBI discovered they were looking for James Earl Ray. After a two-month international manhunt, Ray was finally captured on June 8 at Londons Heathrow Airport. Ray pleaded guilty and was given a 99-year sentence in prison. Ray died in prison in 1998. * Ralph Abernathy as quoted in Gerald Posner, Killing the Dream  (New York: Random House, 1998) 31. Sources: Garrow, David J.  Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. New York: William Morrow, 1986. Posner, Gerald.  Killing the Dream: James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.  New York: Random House, 1998.

Lahore Pakistans Shahi Mohalla prostitution district Research Proposal

Lahore Pakistans Shahi Mohalla prostitution district - Research Proposal Example This dance was very exotic and colorful and was used to entertain the Muslim nobility of South Asia. In her book titled ‘Taboo’ The Hidden Culture of a Red Light Area’, eminent writer and human rights activist, Fouzia Saeed gives us the bigger picture of this famous red light district of Lahore’s famous Shahi Mohalla in Pakistan with all its prostitutes, pimps, customers, managers, musicians and all the others. The ancient traditions of great dances by courtesans used for entertaining the royalty, is still continued even today, while these people try to eke out a living. According to the writer Khushwant Singh, during the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Hira Mandi was named after the minister who was in charge of that district called Hira Singh. Previously, it was called as Shahi Mohalla, which meant ‘Royal Neighborhood, because it was very near to the royal dwellings of the Mughals. This age old tradition of prostitution of South Asia is always very closely linked to great performances of both music and dance. This book also highlights the fact that these dancers and musicians have laid an indelible imprint in the world of performing arts by its contribution. According to Fouzia, ‘Pakistani society has created and reinforced many myths to explain why prostitution has nothing to do with ‘nice people’. These myths put all the blame on ‘immoral’ woman who are responsible for tricking ‘honest’ men into sinful acts.’ (Fouzia, 2001) However, our society not only discourages, but also prevents people from questioning these myths. The writer also states that, ‘By exposing our myths about prostitution, the book helps eradicate a blind spot in our understanding of power relations experienced by all women throughout our society.’ (Fouzia, 2001) Prostitutes do not earn huge sums of money and hence their children face very appalling conditions in the red light area. The Society for